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MEANING OF AUDIO

Audio most commonly refers to sound. It may also refer to: Contents.

SOUND

* Audio signal ,

an electrical representation of sound

* Audio frequency ,

a frequency in the audio spectrum

* Digital audio ,

Representation of sound in a form processed and/or stored by computers or other digital electronics

* Audio,

audible Entertainer's

in audio production and publishing

* Semantic audio ,

extraction of symbols or meaning from audio

ENTERTAINMENT

* AUDIO (group), an American R&B band of 5 brothers formerly known as TNT Boyz and as B5

* Audio (album) , an album by the Blue Man Group

* Audio (magazine) , a magazine published from 1947 to 2000

* Audio (musician) , a UK drum and bass artist

SEE ALSO...

• Acoustic (disambiguation)

• Audible (disambiguation)

• Radio broadcasting

• Sound recording and reproduction

• Sound reinforcement

.
CONCEPT AUDIO ELECTRONIC

is the implementation of electronic circuit designs to perform conversions of

sound/pressure wave signals to

electrical signals , or vice versa. Electronic circuits considered a part of audio electronics may also be designed to achieve certain signal processing operations, in order to make particular alterations to the signal while it is in the electrical form. Additionally, audio signals can be created synthetically through the generation of electric signals from electronic devices.

Audio Electronics were traditionally designed with analog electric circuit techniques until advances in digital technologies were developed. Moreover, digital signals are able to be manipulated by computer software much the same way audio electronic devices would, due to its compatible digital nature. Both analog and digital design formats are still used today, and the use of one or the other largely depends on the application.

The following is a partial list of audio-related circuits/techniques/devices:

BASIC COMPONENT:

Amplifiers

Car audio

Compressors

Crossover

Equalisers

Filters

High-end audio cables

Loudspeakers

Headphones

Microphones

Mixers

Oscillators

Preamplifiers

Synthesizers

Tone controls

DIGITAL AUDIO

Is audio, or simply

sound , signal that has been recorded as or converted into digital form, where the sound wave of the audio signal is encoded as numerical samples in continuous sequence, typically at CD audio quality which is

16 bit sample depth over 44.1 thousand samples per second. Digital audio is the name for the entire technology of sound recording and reproduction using audio signals that have been encoded in digital form . Following significant advances in digital audio technology during the 1970s, it gradually replaced analog audio technology in many areas of

audio engineering and

telecommunications in the 1990s and 2000s.

In a digital audio system, sound of an

analog electrical signal is converted with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) into a digital signal, typically using pulse-code modulation.

This digital signal can then be recorded, edited, modified, and copied using digital audio workstation computers, audio playback machines and other digital tools. When the sound engineer wishes to listen to the recording on headphones or loudspeakers

(or when a consumer wishes to listen to a digital sound file of a song), a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) performs the reverse process, converting a digital signal back into an analog signal, through an audio power amplifier and send to a loudspeaker.

Digital audio systems may include

compression , storage, processing and

transmission components.

Conversion to a digital format allows convenient manipulation, storage, transmission and retrieval of an audio signal.

Unlike analog audio, in which making copies of a recording results in generation loss , a degradation of the signal quality, when using digital audio, an infinite number of copies can be made without any degradation of signal quality.

OVERVIEW

A sound wave, in red, represented digitally, in blue (after sampling and 4-bit quantization).

Digital audio technologies are used in the recording, manipulation, mass-production, and distribution of sound, including recordings of songs, instrumental pieces, podcasts, sound effects, and other sounds. Modern

online music distribution depends on digital recording and data compression . The availability of music as data files, rather than as physical objects, has significantly reduced the costs of distribution. Before digital audio, the music industry distributed and sold music by selling physical copies in the form of records and

cassette tapes . With digital-audio and online distribution systems such as

iTunes , companies sell digital sound files to consumers, which the consumer receives over the Internet.

An analog audio system converts physical waveforms of sound into electrical representations of those waveforms by use of a transducer , such as a microphone . The sounds are then stored on an analog medium such as magnetic tape, or transmitted through an analog medium such as a

telephone line or radio . The process is reversed for reproduction: the electrical audio signal is amplified and then converted back into physical waveforms via a loudspeaker. Analog audio retains its fundamental wave-like characteristics throughout its storage, transformation, duplication, and amplification.

Analog audio signals are susceptible to noise and distortion, due to the innate characteristics of electronic circuits and associated devices. Disturbances in a digital system do not result in error unless the disturbance is so large as to result in a symbol being misinterpreted as another symbol or disturb the sequence of symbols. It is therefore generally possible to have an entirely error-free digital audio system in which no noise or distortion is introduced between conversion to digital format, and conversion back to analog.

A digital audio signal may optionally be encoded for correction of any errors that might occur in the storage or transmission of the signal.

This technique, known as channel coding, is essential for broadcast or recorded digital systems to maintain bit accuracy. Eight-to-fourteen modulation is a channel code used in the audio compact disc (CD).

CONVERSION PROCESS

A digital audio system starts with an ADC that converts an analog signal to a digital signal.

The ADC runs at a specified sampling rate and converts at a known bit resolution. CD audio , for example, has a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz (44,100 samples per second),

and has 16-bit resolution for each stereo channel. Analog signals that have not already been bandlimited must be passed through an anti-aliasing filter before conversion, to prevent the aliasing distortion that is caused by audio signals with frequencies higher than the Nyquist frequency (half the sampling rate).

A digital audio signal may be stored or transmitted. Digital audio can be stored on a CD, a digital audio player , a hard drive , a USB flash drive , or any other digital data storage device .

The digital signal may then be altered through digital signal processing , where it may be filtered or have effects applied. Audio data compression techniques, such as MP3 , Advanced Audio Coding , Ogg Vorbis, or FLAC , are commonly employed to reduce the file size. Digital audio can be streamed to other devices.

For playback, digital audio must be converted back to an analog signal with a DAC.

DACs run at a specific sampling rate and bit resolution, but may use oversampling , upsampling or

downsampling to convert signals that have been encoded with a different sampling rate.

HISTORY IN RECORDING

Pulse-code modulation was invented by British scientist Alec Reeves in 1937

and was used in

telecommunications applications long before its first use in commercial broadcast and recording. Commercial digital recording was pioneered in Japan by NHK and Nippon Columbia , also known as Denon , in the 1960s. The first commercial digital recordings were released in 1971.

The BBC also began to experiment with digital audio in the 1960s. By the early 1970s, it had developed a 2-channel recorder, and in 1972 it deployed a digital audio transmission system that linked their broadcast center to their remote transmitters. [3]

The first 16-bit PCM recording in the

United States was made by Thomas Stockham at the Santa Fe Opera in 1976, on a Soundstream recorder. An improved version of the Soundstream system was used to produce several classical recordings by Telarc in 1978.

The 3M digital multitrack recorder in development at the time was based on BBC technology. The first all-digital album recorded on this machine was

Ry Cooder 's Bop till You Drop in 1979. British record label Decca began development of its own 2-track digital audio recorders in 1978 and released the first European digital recording in 1979.

TECHNOLOGY

(Digital audio broadcasting)

Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)

HD Radio

Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM)

In-band on-channel (IBOC)

Storage technologies

Digital audio player

Digital Audio Tape (DAT)

Digital Compact Cassette (DCC)

Compact Disc (CD)

Hard disk recorder

DVD-Audio

MiniDisc

Super Audio CD

Blu-ray Disc (BD)

Various audio file formats

DIGITAL AUDIO INTERFACE:

Audio-specific interfaces include:

AC'97 (Audio Codec 1997) interface between integrated circuits on PC motherboards

Intel High Definition Audio - modern replacement for AC'97

ADAT interface

AES3 interface with XLR connectors , common in professional audio equipment

S/PDIF - either over coaxial cable or

TOSLINK , common in consumer audio equipment and derived from AES3

AES47 - professional AES3-style digital audio over Asynchronous Transfer Mode networks

I²S (Inter-IC sound) interface between integrated circuits in consumer electronics

MADI (Multichannel Audio Digital Interface)

MIDI - low-bandwidth interconnect for carrying instrument data; cannot carry sound but can carry digital sample data in non-realtime

TDIF, TASCAM proprietary format with D-sub cable

A2DP via Bluetooth

Several interfaces are engineered to carry digital video and audio together, including HDMI and DisplayPort .

Any digital bus can carry digital audio. In professional architectural or installation applications, many digital audio Audio over Ethernet protocols and interfaces exist.

NOTE:

Some audio signals such as those created by digital synthesis originate entirely in the digital domain, in which case analog to digital conversion does not take place.